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90000 Facts About Legally Changing Your Name 90001 90002 People legally change their first, middle, or last names for a variety of reasons: Major life changes-getting married, divorced, or undergoing a gender reassignment-might catalyze a name change, or people might just hate the name they were born with . 90003 90002 «The biggest thing to keep in mind about any name change is that it is a process, rather than a one-stop shop,» says Anna Phipps, VP of Experience at HitchSwitch, a name change service geared towards newlyweds.Obtaining a legal document such as a marriage certificate, divorce decree, or court granted petition will allow you to change your name but will not make your name change official, explains Phipps. «You will not be legally recognized by your new name until you’ve submitted applications with the Social Security Administration, DMV, etc.» 90003 90002 If you’re considering getting a legal name change, here are seven things you should know. 90003 90008 1. You can name yourself anything, with a few exceptions.90009 90002 If you do not like your birth name, you can legally change it to whatever you want … with a few exceptions. You can not name yourself after a celebrity (because that could be viewed as intentionally misleading), a trademarked name, a numeral (like 4 or 8), a punctuation mark (like? Or!), Or something offensive or obscene. You also can not change your name to commit fraud, evade law enforcement, or avoid paying any debts you owe. 90003 90002 Jo-Anne Stayner of I’m a Mrs. Name Change Service recommends that people who are legally changing their name make sure they’re 100 percent certain of the spelling and format of their new name.»It might seem obvious, but we get several inquiries a year for people needing to make a legal name change because of a misspelling.» 90003 90008 2. The simplest times to change your last name are during marriage and divorce. 90009 90002 In most states, men and women can legally change their last name to their new spouse’s surname, hyphenate their two surnames, or create a new amalgamation of their surnames (like when actors Alexa Vega and Carlos Pena got married in 2014 року, and changed both of their last names to PenaVega).90003 90002 If you decide to change your last name when you get married, you do not need a court order. Just write your new last name on your marriage license and show your marriage certificate (not license) to places such as the DMV, your bank, and Social Security Administration as proof of your new last name. 90003 90002 And if you get divorced and want to legally change your name back to your maiden name, you can usually get the judge to take care of that during the divorce proceedings. Your name change should appear on your Decree of Dissolution (a.k.a. Divorce Decree), then you can start using your maiden name again. 90003 90008 3. You do not need to hire a lawyer … 90009 90002 Although it may be seem daunting to show up at court or fill out legal paperwork, you do not need to hire a lawyer to change your name. 90003 90002 Filling out a Petition for Name Change can be fairly straightforward. But if you do feel overwhelmed by navigating the name change process yourself, consider outside help. Companies such as LegalZoom offer packages that streamline the name change process, giving you the paperwork you need to fill out for your state.90003 90002 Services such as I’m a Mrs. and HitchSwitch can also simplify the name change process by putting all the forms and instructions you need in one place. «We save our members time by auto-populating forms, pre-drafting emails, and providing specific contact details and tips on organizations ‘preferred method to submit name changes,» explains Stayner. 90003 90002 HitchSwitch founder Jake Wolff adds, «Our goal is to streamline and take the mystery out of this intimidating process.» 90003 90008 4.But be ready to pay a few hundred dollars. 90009 90002 In most states, you have to pay a fee (usually $ 150 to $ 200) to file your name change petition in court. It also costs a small amount of money to get forms notarized. And if you’re getting married, you may want to pay for additional certified copies of your marriage certificate to use as proof of your new last name. 90003 90008 5. Update everyone on your new name … 90009 90002 You’ll need to make government agencies, businesses, family, and friends aware of your new name.First, apprise the Social Security Administration of your new name, then notify the IRS and the DMV-you may need to get a new driver’s license. Do not forget to tell banks, credit card companies, utility companies, and mortgage or loan companies about your new name, and make a list of any identification documents-like your passport-that you’ll need to update. 90003 90002 Other things you should do? Get new checks, notify the post office, and update your medical records and insurance. If you have legal documents like a will or trust, you’ll want to look into changing them as well.90003 90008 6. … But do not jump the gun. 90009 90002 Although it’s important to notify people of your new name, doing it too soon could create logistical problems. «Wait until you get your official paperwork (court papers, marriage certificate, divorce decree) in hand before starting to change your name broadly-you’ll save a lot of time this way,» says Stayner. 90003 90002 Waiting can also help you preserve your good credit because you do not want to lose credit history that you’ve built under your old name.Additionally, it can take several weeks to notify the passport office of your new married name, so if you’re traveling internationally for your honeymoon, use your maiden name (to match the name on your passport) to book flights. 90003 90002 Finally, transgender people who are undergoing sex change operations should proceed with caution when changing their names with their health insurance companies to avoid confusion and ensure coverage. Insurance companies will not cover a hysterectomy for legal males, for example.90003 90008 7. State laws vary, so do your research. 90009 90002 Not all states require that you file your name change in court, but some states do. In California, for example, you can technically choose a new name and start using it consistently under the state’s usage method. But realistically, you might still need a court order to show as proof of your name change to banks, the SSA, or the DMV because these organizations are wary of identity theft. Some states also require that you advertise your new name by publishing it in a newspaper.No matter where you live, do your research (your state government’s website is a good place to start) to make sure you’re following your state’s protocol. 90003 .90000 git — Could I change my name and surname in all previous commits? 90001 Stack Overflow 90002 90003 Products 90004 90003 Customers 90004 90003 Use cases 90004 90009 90010 90003 Stack Overflow Public questions and answers 90004 90003 Teams Private questions and answers for your team 90004 90003 Enterprise Private self-hosted questions and answers for your enterprise 90004 90003 Jobs Programming and related technical career opportunities 90004 90003 Talent Hire technical talent 90004 90003 Advertising Reach developers worldwide 90004 90009 90024 Loading … 90025 90002 90003 90004 90003 Log in Sign up 90004 90031 90004 90009.90000 Free North Carolina Name Change Forms — How to Change Your Name in NC — PDF 90001 90002 There are several 90003 North Carolina name change forms 90004 that residents will need to fill out and file in order to legally change their name. However, when getting married or divorced, individuals only need a copy of their marriage certificate or divorce decree to change their surname. For any other name change, individuals will need to post a Notice of Intent to File Name Change and file a petition, several notarized affidavits, and a criminal background check with their county County Clerk’s Office.In this state, the process for changing the name of a minor of less than sixteen (16) years of age is different from a minor who is sixteen (16) or seventeen (17) years old. Younger minors must have a parent petition for their name change, whereas minors who are at least sixteen (16) years old can submit a petition for themselves. Procedures for changing your name can be different depending on the county in which you reside, so you should always check with your county court to verify the required forms and fees.90005 90002 90003 Laws 90004 — § 101-2 to 101-8 90005 90002 In North Carolina, all that you need to change your surname when getting married, all that is required of you in order to change your surname is a certified copy of your marriage certificate. You have the option of either taking your spouse’s name or creating a hyphenated name. Furthermore, you are permitted to have a different name on your identification than the one that you use socially or at the workplace. Your marriage certificate can be picked up within up to ten (10) days of your marriage being recorded.You will need to request a certified copy of your certificate from the Register of Deeds for your county (expect to pay a $ 10 fee for each copy). By using this document, you will be able to change the name on your social security card, driver’s license, bank accounts, and passport. 90005 90002 To revert to your maiden name during a divorce, all you need to do is request the name change in your divorce complaint (or answer to a complaint) and the change will be included on your divorce decree.Once your divorce is final, you may obtain certified copies of your divorce decree from the office of your District Court to update your identification, registrations, passport, etc. (If you live in Eastern District of North Carolina click here for a list of Clerk’s Offices). Even in the event that you did not include a name change in your divorce decree, you can still resume the use of a previous surname without any further court process. To resume using a previous surname, go to your local Clerk’s Office with a copy of your divorce decree and request to have your maiden name or previously married name restored.You will be charged for this service. Using a copy of your divorce decree and the document which the Clerk gives to you, you will be able to restore your maiden name. 90005 90002 In North Carolina, any adult person who is at least eighteen (18) years of age can petition the court to allow their name to be changed. However, residents are only permitted to change their name one (1) time. Furthermore, they can not change their name as a registered sex offender or if they are attempting to escape debts or a criminal record.Although the approval process in North Carolina is relatively quick, residents must undergo both a federal and state criminal background check before they can file a Petition for Name Change with their county court. 90005 90016 90003 Step 1 — Fingerprinting at Sheriff’s Office 90004 90019 90002 To receive your mandatory criminal history check, you will need to go to your local Sheriff’s Department and have your fingerprints taken. Be prepared to pay a fee of around $ 10 by money order or cash.A staff member will give you a fingerprint card to complete. Upon completion, you will be given your original fingerprint card, which you will submit for your FBI criminal record check. 90005 90016 90003 Step 2 — North Carolina Criminal Background Check 90004 90019 90002 For the State Bureau of Investigation (SBI) background check, complete the Criminal History Request Form and attach it to a copy of your driver’s license and birth certificate. Enclose these documents, along with a certified check or money order in the amount of $ 14 (payable to the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation), and mail it to the address below.90005 90028 90002 North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation 90030 Criminal Information and Identification Section 90030 Attention: Application Unit — Right to Review 90030 3320 Garner Road, P.O. Box 29500 90030 Raleigh, NC 27626-0500 90005 90035 90016 90003 Step 3 — FBI Criminal Background Check 90004 90019 90002 Your federal criminal record check can be performed either online or by mail. To complete your FBI background check online, go to this webpage and scroll down to the «How to Submit a Request» section.Once there, type your email address in the space below «Enter your email address to get started!» and click «Submit.» You will be sent an email providing you with instructions on how to complete your background check using their online service. To request your FBI criminal background check by mail, first you will need to fill out the Applicant Information Form. Once you have filled out this document, enclose it in an envelope with a Credit Card Payment Form, certified check, or money order for $ 18 (payable to the Treasury of the United States).90005 90028 90002 FBI CJIS Division — Summary Request 90030 1000 Custer Hollow Road 90030 Clarksburg, WV 26306 90005 90035 90002 After receiving your request, depending on whether or not you have a criminal history, the FBI will either send you a notice stating that no prior arrests were found or they will deliver an Identity History Summary, which details your arrests and criminal record. 90005 90016 90003 Step 4 — Notice of Intent to File Name Change 90004 90019 90002 The Notice of Intent to File Name Change is one of the forms that you must fill out in order to file a name change petition.Once you have filled it out, you will need to submit it to your county courthouse to be posted on a bulletin for ten (10) consecutive business days. If you have a legitimate concern for your safety in regards to making your name change public, you may be exempted from this requirement. 90005 90016 90003 Step 5 — Petition for Name Change 90004 90019 90002 Next, fill out the Petition for Name Change. Your petition is the legal document that formally requests that the court approve your name change and indicates your reason (s) for making the change.This form requires information from your original birth certificate. 90005 90016 90003 Step 6 — Affidavit of Character 90004 90019 90002 When you submit your petition, you will need a signed and notarized Affidavit of Character from two (2) adults who are residents of your county and are not members of your family. Both individuals must vouch for your good character in writing and sign the document in the presence of a notary. Although most counties apply this requirement, it is not written into law and therefore, your county may not mandate the submission of these forms.90005 90016 90003 Step 7 — Affidavit Regarding Outstanding Tax or Child Support Obligations 90004 90019 90002 Fill out the top section of the Affidavit Regarding Outstanding Tax or Child Support Obligations, leaving the date and signature fields blank (note that you will need to print out the document in order to circle certain answers). The bottom portion of the affidavit should be filled out in front of a notary who must provide their signature and notary seal. This document attests that you are a resident of the county in which you are filing and that you have no outstanding tax or child support payments.90005 90016 90003 Step 8 — Notary Verification 90004 90019 90002 Once completed, you will need to get your Petition for Name Change and Affidavit Regarding Outstanding Tax or Child Support Obligations verified by a notary public. Notary publics can be found at most banks during standard business hours, often for a small fee. Bring all of your name change documents and the Notary Verification form, unfilled. Meet the notary in person and identify yourself to them before showing them your completed forms.At this juncture, sign the Notary Verification form (and affidavit) where indicated and give the form to the notary, who will then sign, date, and stamp the document, thus providing their verification. 90005 90016 90003 Step 9 — 90004 90003 File Petition for Name Change 90004 90019 90002 Bring all of the documents listed below as a package and file them at the Clerk of Court’s office in your county (for a list of Clerk’s Offices in the Eastern District of North Carolina click here). 90005 90088 90089 SBI Criminal Background Check 90090 90089 FBI Criminal Background Check 90090 90089 Verified Petition for Name Change 90090 90089 Two (2) verified Affidavits of Character 90090 90089 Verified Affidavit Regarding Outstanding Tax or Child Support Obligation 90090 90089 Birth certificate (Certified Copy) 90090 90089 Photo ID 90090 90089 Proof of address (utility bill, bank statement, government check, etc.) 90090 90089 Filing fee in cash or money order 90090 90089 Self-addressed, postage paid envelope (to have your court order mailed to you) 90090 90109 90016 90003 Step 10 — Pay the Filing Fee 90004 90019 90002 Filing fees are not uniform across all counties, so you will need to verify the cost of your name change in order to prepare the proper amount in cash, or as a certified check or money order. 90005 90016 90003 Step 11 — Receive Order and Certificate of Name Change / Attend Possible Hearing 90004 90019 90002 After the filing of your petition, as long as there is no objection to your name change, the Clerk will approve your petition and send you a court order and Certificate of Name Change.You will be able to use this certificate to update your passport, driver’s license, social security, and other places where you are registered under your prior name. In some instances, you may be required to attend a hearing, in which case you will be given notice of when it will take place. Be sure to bring all of your name change documents to your hearing. The Clerk has the right to refuse your request, even if your petition was filed correctly. 90005 90002 In North Carolina, you must apply for a new driver’s license within sixty (60) days of having your name changed.Before this can be done, your identity with the Social Security Agency must already be updated. To get a new driver’s license, you will need to present yourself at a DMV office with a copy of your proof of name change, your current driver’s license, and cash or a money order to pay the fee ($ 13 at the time of this writing ). For your proof of name change, you will need a certified copy of the document which authorizes your new name; either a divorce decree, marriage license, or court order. Once you have submitted the relevant documents and paid the required fee, you will be issued a temporary license and sent your new one by mail once it has been prepared.You may be required to take a new photograph for your license at the DMV office. 90005 90002 After your name has been changed, you will need to update your voter registration in order to participate in any upcoming elections. In addition to needing a photo ID and SSN with matching identities, your voter registration must indicate your new name. You can accomplish this by filling out a Voter Registration Form (indicating your previously registered name in section seven (7)) and submitting it to your local elections office or to the North Carolina State Board of Elections Office (address below).90005 90028 90002 NC State Board of Elections Office 90030 P.O. Box 27255 90030 Raleigh, NC 27611-7255 90005 90035 90002 To change the name of a minor who is less than sixteen (16) years of age in North Carolina, one or both of the child’s parents must submit a petition to their county court. If only one parent signs the petition, they will need to obtain written consent from the other biological parent and file it with their petition. For a request to be approved, the reasons for making the name change must be clear, such as adoption or for a stepchild.A minor who is sixteen (16) or seventeen (17) years old may petition for themselves, but they still need to obtain parental consent. Furthermore, they will need to obtain two (2) affidavits from non-family members that can vouch for their good character. Minors who are sixteen (16) or seventeen (17) years old may also be asked to submit to a criminal record check. 90005 90016 90003 Step 1 — Notice for Name Change of Minor 90004 90019 90002 Before filing your child’s name change request, you will need to post a notice of your intent to change the minor’s name in your county courthouse.Fill out the Notice for Name Change of Minor and give it to your local courthouse’s office for them to timestamp and post on their bulletin board. Once the notice has been posted for ten (10) consecutive business days, you can file your petition to change the name of your child with the Clerk’s Office. 90005 90016 90003 Step 2 — Petition for Name Change of Minor 90004 90019 90002 The Petition for Name Change of Minor is the document with which you will make the formal request a name change for your child.In this document you will describe your relationship to the child and your reasons for changing their name. If the minor’s other parent is participating in this request, they must also provide their signature 90005 90016 90003 Step 3 — 90004 90003 Obtain Consent 90004 90019 90002 In North Carolina, as long as both parents are alive, they must both give their consent in order for a minor’s name to be changed. If the other parent has been delinquent in paying child support services, or can otherwise be proved to have abandoned the child, the petition may proceed without their consent.Furthermore, if there is a concern for your or your child’s safety, this requirement may be waived. However, the Clerk of Court may contact the other parent with a mailed notice in cases where there is an abandonment claim. To obtain the other parent’s written consent, have them fill out the Affidavit of Parental Consent and have it notarized. 90005 90016 90003 Step 4 — Affidavit of Character for Minor Child Name Change 90004 90019 90002 If the minor is sixteen (16) or seventeen (17) years old, they will need to have two (2) non-family members fill out and notarize the Affidavit of Character for Minor Child Name Change.In this document, they must attest to the good character of the minor. 90005 90016 90003 Step 5 — Affidavit Regarding Outstanding Tax or Child Support Obligations (Minor) 90004 90019 90002 Fill out the Affidavit Regarding Outstanding Tax or Child Support Obligations up until the date and signature fields, which must be filled out with a notary. This document will attest to whether or not you have any unpaid taxes or child support payments. If both parents are petitioning, both need to complete and notarize this document.90005 90016 90003 Step 6 — Notary Verification 90004 90019 90002 In addition to having the Affidavit Regarding Outstanding Tax or Child Support Obligations notarized, you will also need to fill out the Notary Verification form (which must be signed and dated in front of a notary). If the other parent signed the petition, they will also need to complete this verification form. Have the documents signed in the presence of a notary public. The notary will then provide their notary seal and signature, at which point you will have obtained the necessary notary verification.90005 90016 90003 Step 7 — Application for a Copy of a North Carolina Birth Certificate 90004 90019 90002 If the minor was born in North Carolina, you need to fill out the Application for a Copy of a North Carolina Birth Certificate in order to change their official name. This form will be filed along with the petition and other name change documents. 90005 90016 90003 Step 8 — File Petition for Name Change 90004 90019 90002 Compile all of the documents listed below into a package and file them at your county court Clerk’s Office (click here for a list of Clerk’s Offices in the Eastern District of North Carolina).90005 90088 90089 Notice for Name Change of Minor (from court bulletin) 90090 90089 Petition for Name Change of Minor 90090 90089 Notary Verification 90090 90089 Affidavit of Parental Consent 90090 90089 Two (2) Verified Affidavits of Character (if minor is sixteen (16) years of age or older) 90090 90089 Verified Affidavit Regarding Outstanding Tax or Child Support Obligations 90090 90089 Copy of your birth certificate 90090 90089 Photo ID 90090 90089 Proof of address (utility bill, bank statement, government check, etc.) 90090 90089 Filing fee in cash or money order 90090 90089 Self-addressed, postage-paid envelope (to have the court order mailed to you) 90090 90109 90002 The procedure and fees for filing a name change petition for a minor may differ from one county to another, so it is important to verify that you do not require any additional or alternative forms to file your request. 90005 90016 90003 Step 9 — Pay the Filing Fee 90004 90019 90002 When you file your petition, you will be asked to pay fees for filing, for receiving a new birth certificate and for any certified copies that you may need.Payments are usually only accepted as a certified check, money order, or cash. 90005 90016 90003 Step 10 — 90004 90003 Receive Order and Certificate of Name Change / Attend Possible Hearing 90004 90019 90002 You may be required to attend a hearing regarding your child’s name change. If so, you should bring copies of all your documents (you may also need to obtain a court order and certificate from the Clerk’s Office) and arrive on time. You will be called upon to explain why the child’s name is being changed.If the petition is approved, you will be given a signed court order and certificate authorizing your child’s name change. If you requested a new birth certificate, you will be issued this as well. For most cases, as long as there is no objection from a non-consenting parent and all your paperwork is properly filed, a hearing will not be required, and you will simply be issued the court order and Certificate of Name Change. 90005 .90000 BBC — Family History — What’s In a Name? Your Link to the Past 90001 90002 Before surnames 90003 90004 ‘What is in a name? Very much if the wit of man could find it out. ‘ Whoever penned this well known saying undoubtedly had it right — in England alone there are around 45,000 different surnames — each with a history behind it. 90005 90004 The sources from which names are derived are almost endless: nicknames, physical attributes, counties, trades, heraldic charges, and almost every object known to mankind.Tracing a family tree in practice involves looking at lists of these names — this is how we recognise our ancestors when we find them. 90005 90004 Before the Norman Conquest of Britain, people did not have hereditary surnames: they were known just by a personal name or nickname. 90005 90004 When communities were small each person was identifiable by a single name, but as the population increased, it gradually became necessary to identify people further — leading to names such as John the butcher, William the short, Henry from Sutton, Mary of the wood , Roger son of Richard.Over time many names became corrupted and their original meaning is now not easily seen. 90005 90004 After 1066, the Norman barons introduced surnames into England, and the practice gradually spread. Initially, the identifying names were changed or dropped at will, but eventually they began to stick and to get passed on. So trades, nicknames, places of origin, and fathers ‘names became fixed surnames — names such as 90013 Fletcher 90014 and 90013 Smith 90014, 90013 Redhead 90014 and 90013 Swift 90014, 90013 Green 90014 and 90013 Pickering 90014, 90013 Wilkins 90014 and 90013 Johnson 90014.By 1400 most English families, and those from Lowland Scotland, had adopted the use of hereditary surnames. 90005 90004 Most Saxon and early Celtic personal names — names such 90013 Oslaf 90014, 90013 Oslac 90014, 90013 Oswald 90014, 90013 Oswin 90014 and 90013 Osway 90014 ( ‘Os’ meaning God) — disappeared quite quickly after the Norman invasion. It was not fashionable, and possibly not sensible either, to bear them during those times, so they fell out of use and were not often passed on as surnames.However, some names from before the Norman Conquest survived long enough to be inherited directly as surnames, including the Anglo-Saxon 90013 Cobbald 90014 (famous-bold). 90005 90004 New surnames continued to be formed long after 1400, and immigrants brought in new ones. Many Irish and Highland Scottish names derive from Gaelic personal names, as do those of the Welsh, who only began to adopt the English system of surnames following the union of the two countries in 1536. This is all too far back to be helpful in researching family origins, although the study of a particular surname may be useful when the investigation points to an area where it appears often.90005 90004 Many individuals and families have changed their names or adopted an alias at some time in the past. This could be for legal reasons, or simply on a whim, but points up the fact that although the study of surnames is vital in family history research, it is all too easy to place excessive emphasis on them. 90005 90004 Your surname may be derived from a place, such as 90013 Lancaster 90014, for example, or an occupation, such as 90013 Weaver 90014, but this is not necessarily of relevance to your family history.You could be in the position of 90013 Tony Blair 90014, whose ancestor acquired his name from adoptive or foster parents. 90005 90004 Another complication is that sometimes two different names can appear to be the same one, being similar in sound, but different in origin. The fairly common name of 90013 Collins 90014 is an example of this. It comes from an Irish clan name, but it is also one of several English surnames derived from the personal name 90013 Nicolas 90014. 90005 90004 Thus you can see that only by tracing a particular family line, possibly back to the 14th century or beyond, will you discover which version of a surname is yours.It is more important to be aware that both surnames and forenames are subject to variations in spelling, and not only in the distant past. Standardised spelling did not really arrive until the 19th century, and even in the present day variations occur, often by accident — how much of your post has your name spelt incorrectly? 90005 90002 Local names 90003 90004 Surnames deriving from a place are probably the oldest and most common. They can be derived from numerous sources — country, town or estate — or from features in the landscape — hill, wood or stream.Many of these names, and their derivation are obvious, other less so. The names 90013 Pickering 90014, 90013 Bedford 90014, 90013 Berkley 90014 and 90013 Hampshire 90014 might have been given to migrants who left those places during the period of surname formation, or they may have been the names of the landowners where the individuals lived. 90005 90004 Many people took their name from their farm or hamlet. This was particularly the case in those counties where occupation was scattered, and the Pennines and Devon have more than their share of distinctive names.90005 90004 Countries give us names such as 90013 French 90014, 90013 Beamish 90014 (Bohemian), 90013 Britten 90014, 90013 Fleming 90014, 90013 Hannay 90014 (Hainault), 90013 Janeway 90014 (Genoese), 90013 Lubbock 90014 (Lubeck) and 90013 Moore 90014 (Morocco), among many others. And it’s interesting that 90013 Blackmore 90014, 90013 Morys 90014, 90013 Moris 90014, 90013 Morris 90014, 90013 Morice 90014, 90013 Morrice 90014, 90013 Maurice 90014, 90013 Moorish 90014 and 90013 Mountmorris 90014 are themselves all further forms of 90013 Moore 90014.90005 90004 Nearly every county, town, riding, hundred, wapentake, village, hamlet and even single house, at any date, has given its name. Again, most are obvious, but there are some surprises — such as 90013 Bristowe 90014 (both Bristol and Burstow in Surrey), and 90013 Vyse 90014 (Devizes or a dweller on the boundary). 90013 Thorpe 90014 means a village and there are numerous names derived from the word borough — examples are 90013 Boroughs 90014, 90013 Bury 90014, 90013 Burg 90014, 90013 Burke 90014, 90013 Bourke 90014, 90013 Borrow 90014 and 90013 Burrowes 90014.90005 90004 Features of the landscape gave rise to many surnames. There are very many names derived from hill. In addition to 90013 Hill 90014 and 90013 Hills 90014 there are: 90013 Hull, Athill, Holt, Wold, Noll, Knollys, Knolles, Ness, Thill 90014 and 90013 Knill 90014. Similarly we have 90013 Wood, Woods, Greenwood, Woodman, Woodruffe, Woodcutter 90014 and 90013 Attwood 90014. 90005 90004 Many names come from rivers and streams: 90013 Surtees 90014 (on the Tees), 90013 Pickersgill 90014 (a stream with a pike in it), 90013 Hope 90014 and 90013 Holm 90014 (raised land in a fen), 90013 Fleet 90014 ( estuary or stream), 90013 Burn 90014 and 90013 Bourne 90014 (a stream) and 90013 Sike 90014 and 90013 Sykes 90014 (a marshy stream).90005 90004 Trees give names such as 90013 Leaf 90014, 90013 Bark 90014 and 90013 Root 90014, as well as 90013 Stock 90014, 90013 Zouch 90014 and 90013 Curzon 90014 which all mean a stem. Then there are 90013 Elmes 90014, 90013 Hazelthwaite 90014 and 90013 Maples 90014, and oak alone gives rise to 90013 Oakley 90014, 90013 Oakerley 90014, 90013 Noakes 90014, 90013 Oakham 90014, 90013 Ockham 90014, and many others, with 90013 Cheynes 90014 and 90013 Chenies 90014 coming from the French for oak, un chène.90005 90002 Occupations 90003 90004 Other surnames were formed from a person’s job or trade. The three most common English names are 90013 Smith 90014, 90013 Wright 90014 and 90013 Taylor 90014. 90013 Cook 90014 and 90013 Turner 90014 are also very common. 90005 90004 A name ending in -man or -er can usually imply a trade, as in 90013 Chapman 90014 (shopkeeper), and obvious occupation names are 90013 Goldsmith 90014, 90013 Nailor 90014, 90013 Potman 90014, 90013 Belringer 90014, 90013 Hornblower 90014, 90013 Fiddler 90014, 90013 Brewer 90014, 90013 Piper 90014, 90013 Baker 90014 and so forth.Among the less obvious are 90013 Latimer 90014 (interpreter), 90013 Leech 90014 (physician), 90013 Barker 90014 (tanner), 90013 Jenner 90014 (engineer), 90013 Milner 90014 (miller rather than milliner), 90013 Lorimer 90014 (bridle and bit maker), 90013 Pargiter 90014, 90013 Pargetter 90014 and 90013 Dauber 90014 (plasterer), 90013 Bannister 90014 (bath keeper), and 90013 Crowther 90014 and 90013 Crowder 90014 (stringed instrument player). 90005 90004 The rarer occupational names are sometimes restricted in their distribution, as are other names that possibly originated with only one or two families.For example, the 90013 Arkwrights 90014 (makers of arks or chests) are from Lancashire, the 90013 Crappers 90014 (croppers) and 90013 Frobishers 90014 (furbishers or cleaners of armour) are from Yorkshire, and the 90013 Dymonds 90014 (dairymen) are from Devon. On the other hand, some distinctive names were influenced by more prolific occupational names, and names that started out as 90013 Goldsmith 90014, 90013 Combsmith 90014 or 90013 Smithson 90014 may have become simply 90013 Smith 90014.90005 90004 Occupational names will differ in frequency in certain areas for several reasons. The geography of a district may favour one or more specific industries such as stone-masonry, thatching or fishing and the distribution of 90013 Mason 90014, 90013 Thatcher 90014 and 90013 Fisher 90014 will reflect this. 90013 Thatcher 90014 also gives rise to 90013 Thacker 90014, 90013 Thackery 90014, 90013 Thackwray 90014, and also 90013 Reed 90014 and 90013 Reader 90014. 90005 90004 The more prolific 12th- to 14th-century building skills are represented by 90013 Wright 90014, 90013 Slater 90014, 90013 Leadbeater 90014, 90013 Carpenter 90014 and 90013 Plummer 90014.With no real brick industry during this period the surname 90013 Brick 90014 or 90013 Bricker 90014 does not exist — 90013 Brickman 90014 derives from the Norse ‘brigg’ meaning bridge. 90005 90004 Similarly with names derived from military occupations, there are no names from firearms, only those derived from the weaponry and occupations around in these early centuries. Such names include 90013 Knight 90014, 90013 Squire 90014, 90013 Archer 90014, 90013 Bowman 90014, 90013 Fletcher 90014 (arrow maker), 90013 Pike 90014 and the ubiquitous 90013 Smith 90014.90005 90004 The arts gave us 90013 Painter 90014, 90013 Fiddler 90014, 90013 Harper 90014, 90013 Piper 90014 and 90013 Player 90014. And from the church we have 90013 Pope 90014, 90013 Bishop 90014, 90013 Monk 90014 and 90013 Abbott 90014. However, these are most likely to have been nicknames rather than actual occupations, as with 90013 King 90014. Or possibly they originated from performers in the Mystery or other religious plays. 90005 90002 Nicknames 90003 90004 Sometimes a nickname became a hereditary surname.Names such as 90013 Fox 90014, from the crafty animal, or 90013 White 90014, perhaps from the hair or complexion, are widespread. However, the pronounced regional distribution of names such as 90013 Nice 90014 in Essex or 90013 Wildgoose 90014 in Derbyshire suggests single family origins. In some cases, nicknames are from Norman-French words, such as 90013 Papillon 90014 (dainty or inconsistent, from butterfly) or 90013 Foljambe 90014 (deformed leg). 90005 90004 Names deriving from plants and animals are almost certainly nicknames — such as 90013 Catt 90014, 90013 Sparrow 90014 and 90013 Oak 90014 — but may also be location names or even occupations.But most nicknames come from colour, complexion or form — names such as 90013 Armstrong 90014 and 90013 Strongitharm 90014, 90013 Heavyside 90014, 90013 Quickly 90014, 90013 Slowman 90014, 90013 Smallman 90014, 90013 Fairfax 90014 and 90013 Blunt 90014 (fair-haired) . 90005 90004 Other examples of nicknames derive from personal or moral qualities, for example 90013 Good 90014, 90013 Goodchild 90014, 90013 Thoroughgood 90014, 90013 Allgood 90014, 90013 Toogood 90014 and 90013 Goodenough 90014.Other examples are 90013 Joly 90014, 90013 Jolibois 90014 and 90013 Joliffe 90014, or 90013 Kennard 90014 (royal-brave). And some — such as 90013 Puttock 90014 (greedy) or 90013 Coe 90014 (jackdaw) — show contempt or ridicule. 90005 90004 The surname 90013 Blake 90014 may seem fairly straightforward but there are two derivations. Firstly as a variation of 90013 Black 90014, a descriptive name for someone of dark appearance, and secondly originating as the Old English word, blac meaning wan or fair — two completely opposite meanings.In Wiltshire, the surname 90013 Black 90014 is not a common one, greatly outnumbered by 90013 Blake 90014. 90005 90002 Baptismal names 90003 90004 Many baptismal or Christian names have become surnames without any change. A son may have acquired his surname by adding 90013 -s 90014 or 90013 -son 90014 to his father’s name. The first method was favoured in the south of England and in the western border counties (where the practice was later copied by the Welsh), while the second was preferred in the northern half of England and lowland Scotland, and was a late development.Occasionally, 90013 -son 90014 was added to a mother’s names, as in 90013 Mallinson 90014 and 90013 Tillotson 90014 — both from Matilda. 90005 90004 The small pool of personal names meant that pet forms and shortened versions were commonly used, and that many of these nicknames became surnames. Some were rhyming forms, such as 90013 Dobson 90014, 90013 Hobson 90014 and 90013 Robson 90014 (based on the pet form of Robert). Others were pet forms with 90013 -kin, -cock or -ot 90014 added.90005 90004 The son of William might therefore end up with the surname 90013 Williams 90014 or 90013 Williamson 90014, but other possibilities include 90013 Will, Willett, Wills, Willis, Willimott, Wilkins, Wilkinson, Wilcox 90014 or 90013 Wilcockson 90014. Other baptismal or personal names may have been extended to become a form of nickname, for example 90013 Littlejohn 90014, 90013 Micklejohn 90014 (largest / eldest-John), 90013 Prettejohn 90014 (handsome John), 90013 Applejohn 90014 (orchard John) and 90013 Brownjohn 90014.90005 90004 In Wales the ‘patronymic’ system of taking the father’s forename as the child’s surname, therefore a change at each generation, continued in some communities until the 17th century. 90013 Evan Griffith 90014 could be the son of 90013 Griffith Rhys 90014, who was himself the son of 90013 Rhys Howell 90014 — this being written as 90013 Evan ap Griffith ap Rhys ap Howell. ‘Ap’ 90014 meaning ‘son of,’ just as with 90013 Up-, O’-, Fitz-, Witz- 90014 and 90013 Sky-. 90014 90005 90004 Over time, names such as 90013 Ap Rhys, Ap Howell 90014 and 90013 Ap Richard 90014 could become liaised to become 90013 Preece or Price, Powell 90014 and 90013 Pritchard 90014.90005 .